FUSIONโs archive of commentary.
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This year marks three centuries since Adam Smithโs birth. Conferences have been convened, articles commissioned, and books published to celebrate the occasion. Itโs one thing to give symbolic tributes to Smith. But should we actually be reading him? His ideas were undoubtedly central to the development of modern economics, and he clearly influenced policy discussions in Britain and beyond. But does he still have something to offer us today? Such questions arenโt limited to Smith. Writers, teachers, and scholars face continuing challenges to the relevance of older texts, especially so-called…
In a realm as susceptible to fads and novelties as education, it can be difficult to perceive when the tectonic plates underneath us are shifting and really fundamental changes are taking place. Over the past decade or so, education policymakers have gone all in and then back out again on a bewildering number of reforms, including performance pay for teachers, โgritโ and โgrowth mindset,โ project-based and cooperative learning, social-emotional learning, mindfulness, restorative justice, anti-racism, and โ coming any day now, we are told โ an AI revolution. But just beneath…
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The so-called friend/enemy distinction is in vogue. Once limited to graduate seminars, the phrase, derived from the German political theorist Carl Schmitt, is increasingly used as an explanation for political turmoil, not just in authoritarian regimes such as China and Russia, but also liberal democracies such as the United States. From academics to journalists, talk of the โenemyโ and other Schmittian concepts has been gaining more and more ground. As is often the case, popularization of the term has led to it being applied incorrectly. Originally intended to describe conflicts…
On September 17, 1787, after protracted disputations, members of the Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia and signed the final draft of the document that became the Constitution of the United States of America. With this document and its first set of amendments, ratified in 1791, the framers were taking the unprecedented step of making the new republic a laboratory for religious liberty. Indeed, the majority of the framers were so committed to this principle that they denied any future government the right to interfere in religious matters. The original Constitution…
Few American events are as synonymous with summertime as the caravan of blockbusters that annually take over multiplexes. Since at least the mid-1970s, the public has become accustomed to seeing a very particular type of motion picture when the weather turns warm: those ungainly, often gargantuan epics of action, fantasy, and spectacle. In economic terms, these productions operate something like the federal budgetโthey cost a fortune to produce, and they are expected to bring in a fortuneโand what they promise is not so much entertainment, and certainly not enlightenment, as…
Does freedom have a future? A generation ago, the question hardly seemed worth asking. The turn of the 21st Century was not the placid utopia optimists hoped might emerge in the wake of the Cold War. Nor was it a era of bipartisan good feelings, as both nostalgists and their critics now like to imagine. At a higher level of abstraction, though, there was remarkably little debate about the basis of our political order or the goals it should pursue. Apart from a few malcontentsโsome of whom are now enjoying…
There used to be a distinction that signaled the difference between study for the sake of acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary for some specific line of work or trade and a higher form of study that was undertaken because it was thought worthy in itself. I am speaking, of course, of the traditional division between the servile and the liberal arts. For example, Aquinas, in his commentary on Aristotleโs Metaphysics, calls liberal or free those arts which are concerned with knowledge for its own sake, and servile those arts…
Among freedom-loving people in the West, fear of being conquered by tyrannical foreign enemies has long coexisted with another worry: the fact that many bygone eras of relative liberalism were not destinations at the end of history, but respites from tyrannies that societies imposed on themselves. If bygone peoples experienced relative freedom, then lost it, so might we. What threatens liberal democracies from within? In the 2005 book The Authoritarian Dynamic, social psychologist Karen Stenner describes what some have long regarded as the most significant threat to freedom within liberal…
To ensure that the future of freedom is bright, I offer three suggestions: Defend both liberty and limits, without embracing libertinism or authoritarianism; defend both true moral norms and tolerance for dissenters, without embracing relativism or false pluralism; and foster the institutions of civil society that form people in virtuous freedom, without allowing liberty to dissolve community. I. Any sound defense of liberty must also defend its limits. Our disagreements todayโboth between Right and Left, and within the Rightโare not primarily about whether to protect civil liberties, but about what…
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-Edmund Burke, Letter to Charles-Jean-Francois Depont, November 1789 The future of freedom is communal. Its past was too, at least in practice, and so is its present. But our way of talking about freedom has long been thoroughly individualistic, in ways that lead us to mistake its true character. Both its champions and its critics in our time tend to describe freedom as the condition of being independent of anyone elseโs authority. As a cultural force, that sort of independence can be very attractive in periods of excessive cohesion, when…